Modification of the Douglas Neumann program to improve the efficiency of predicting component interference and high lift characteristics

The Douglas Neumann method for low-speed potential flow on arbitrary three-dimensional lifting bodies was modified by substituting the combined source and doublet surface paneling based on Green's identity for the original source panels. Numerical studies show improved accuracy and stability for thin lifting surfaces, permitting reduced panel number for high-lift devices and supercritical airfoil sections. The accuracy of flow in concave corners is improved. A method of airfoil section design for a given pressure distribution, based on Green's identity, was demonstrated. The program uses panels on the body surface with constant source strength and parabolic distribution of doublet strength, and a doublet sheet on the wake. The program is written for the CDC CYBER 175 computer. Results of calculations are presented for isolated bodies, wings, wing-body combinations, and internal flow

Tools to aid the specification and design of flight software, appendix B

The tasks that are normally performed during the specification and architecture design stages of software development are identified. Ways that tools could perform, or aid the performance, of such tasks are also identified. Much of the verification and analysis that is suggested is currently rarely performed during these early stages, but it is believed that this analysis should be done as early as possible so as to detect errors as early as possible

Aircraft aerodynamic prediction method for V/STOL transition including flow separation

A numerical procedure was developed for the aerodynamic force and moment analysis of V/STOL aircraft operating in the transition regime between hover and conventional forward flight. The trajectories, cross sectional area variations, and mass entrainment rates of the jets are calculated by the Adler-Baron Jet-in-Crossflow Program. The inviscid effects of the interaction between the jets and airframe on the aerodynamic properties are determined by use of the MCAIR 3-D Subsonic properties are determined by use of the MCAIR 3-D Subsonic Potential Flow Program, a surface panel method. In addition, the MCAIR 3-D Geometry influence Coefficient Program is used to calculate a matrix of partial derivatives that represent the rate of change of the inviscid aerodynamic properties with respect to arbitrary changes in the effective wing shape

Divergent mutational processes distinguish hypoxic and normoxic tumours.

Many primary tumours have low levels of molecular oxygen (hypoxia), and hypoxic tumours respond poorly to therapy. Pan-cancer molecular hallmarks of tumour hypoxia remain poorly understood, with limited comprehension of its associations with specific mutational processes, non-coding driver genes and evolutionary features. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours spanning 27 cancer types. Elevated hypoxia associates with increased mutational load across cancer types, irrespective of underlying mutational class. The proportion of mutations attributed to several mutational signatures of unknown aetiology directly associates with the level of hypoxia, suggesting underlying mutational processes for these signatures. At the gene level, driver mutations in TP53, MYC and PTEN are enriched in hypoxic tumours, and mutations in PTEN interact with hypoxia to direct tumour evolutionary trajectories. Overall, hypoxia plays a critical role in shaping the genomic and evolutionary landscapes of cancer

Count three for wear able computers

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the IEE Eurowearable 2003 Conference, and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library. A revised version of this paper was also published in Electronics Systems and Software, also subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is also available at the IET Digital Library.A description of 'ubiquitous computer' is presented. Ubiquitous computers imply portable computers embedded into everyday objects, which would replace personal computers. Ubiquitous computers can be mapped into a three-tier scheme, differentiated by processor performance and flexibility of function. The power consumption of mobile devices is one of the most important design considerations. The size of a wearable system is often a design limitation

The extended ROSAT-ESO flux-limited X-ray galaxy cluster survey (REFLEX II): V. Exploring a local underdensity in the southern sky

Several claims have been made that we are located in a locally underdense region of the Universe based on observations of supernovae and galaxy density distributions. Two recent studies of K-band galaxy surveys have, in particular, provided new support for a local underdensity in the galaxy distribution out to distances of 200-300 Mpc. If confirmed, such local underdensities would have important implications interpreting local measurements of cosmological parameters. Galaxy clusters have been shown to be ideal probes for tracing the large-scale structure of the Universe. In this paper we study the local density distribution in the southern sky with the X-ray detected galaxy clusters from the REFLEX II cluster survey. From the normalised comoving number density of clusters, we find an average underdensity of ∼30-40% in the redshift range out to z ∼ 0.04 (∼170 Mpc) in the southern extragalactic sky with a significance greater than 3.4σ. On larger scales from 300 Mpc to over 1 Gpc, the density distribution appears remarkably homogeneous. The local underdensity seems to be dominated by the south Galactic cap region. A comparison of the cluster distribution with that of galaxies in the K -band from a recent study shows that galaxies and clusters trace each other very closely in density. In the south Galactic cap region both surveys find a local underdensity in the redshift range z = 0 to 0.05 and no significant underdensity in the north Galactic cap at southern latitudes. Cosmological models that attempt to interpret the cosmic acceleration, deduced from observations of type Ia supernovae, by a large local void without the need for reacceleration, require that we are located close to the centre of a roughly spherical void with a minimum size of ∼300 Mpc. In contrast our results show that the local underdensity is not isotropic and limited to a size significantly smaller than 300 Mpc radius

Spatial Transformation of a Layer-To-Layer Control Model for Selective Laser Melting

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique with challenges in its complexity of process parameters and lack of control schemes. Traditionally, people tried time-domain or frequency-domain control methods, but the complexity of the process goes beyond these methods. In this paper, a novel spatial transformation of SLM models is proposed, which transforms the time-domain process into a spatial domain model and, thus, allows for state-space layer-to-layer control methods. In a space domain, this also provides the convenience of modelling laser path changes. Finally, a layer-to-layer Iterative Learning Control (ILC) method is designed and demonstrates the methodology of spatial control for SLM. A simulation demonstrates its application and performance